Traffic Of Women For Prostitution Thailand - 1856 Words

Traffic in Women for Prostitution: Thailand Each year, somewhere between 700,000 and 4 million women, children, and men are trafficked into modern forms of slavery worldwide. Trafficking is a growing phenomenon internationally, and the problem is fueled by poverty, conflict, inadequate female education and economic opportunity and the low value placed on women and children in many parts of the world. It is considered to be a gross violation of women’s rights and a contemporary form of slavery by the international community. Although trafficking occurs in countries all over the world, Southeast Asian countries are especially notorious for their involvement. Thailand, in particular, has developed into both a sending and receiving†¦show more content†¦Trafficking is largely a result of gender inequality. Although some men and boys have been trafficked for labor purposes, the majority of victims are women and girls. Agents and recruiters see women and young girls not as human beings, but as objects to be bought and sold. Gender discrimination fuels the trafficking industry, since women have few opportunities and are seen as â€Å"lesser† people. The number of women and children who are affected by trafficking is difficult to assess, since it is an illegal activity. Thailand is the main receiving country in the Mekong region for trafficked persons, and the largest numbers come from Myanmar, followed by Yunnan (China) and Lao PDR. In 1999, an estimated 80,000 women and children were traf ficked into the commercial sex industry in Thailand, of whom 30 percent were under 18 years of age. In total, the International Organization for Migration estimates that around 300,000 women and children are trapped in slavery-like conditions in the Mekong Delta region, which encompasses Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam and the two southern Chinese provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi. It is believed that 90 percent of trafficking in the Mekong region is related to forced prostitution, and that 50 percent ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Society1273 Words   |  6 Pagesimages associated with it are almost identical. Human trafficking, or â€Å"the modern slavery,† is defined as the â€Å"organized criminal activity in which human beings are treated as possessions to be controlled and exploited (as by being forced into prostitution or involuntary labor)† by Merriam Webster Dictionary (np). At any given time this affects 2.4 million peo ple, 80% of whom are sexually exploited. This paper will highlight the tragic past of human trafficking for sexual exploitation and its currentRead More Prostitution - Thailand/Canada Essay2042 Words   |  9 PagesProstitution - Thailand/Canada Introduction Prostitution exists in almost all cultures and civilizations of the world today. Just as the cultures differ richly from one another, prostitution and prostitution policy vary greatly throughout the globe. Although the act of prostitution itself is widely similar all over, the policies that are affecting the sex trade are the most influential in shaping the unique and individual sex industries of different countries. This paper takes a look at twoRead MoreThe Trafficking of Women1516 Words   |  7 PagesThe Trafficking of Women The trafficking of women and girls for the purpose of prostitution is big business. It has been and still is one of the biggest industries worldwide. These unfortunate women and girls do not lead normal lives, but rather they are bought and sold as commodities. They also usually have no control over their lives and live in conditions of extreme poverty and abuse. Trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, and other abuse is suffered by women all over the world and it isRead MoreLegalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution1612 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Prostitution Prostitution law varies widely from country to country, and between jurisdictions within a country. Prostitution or sex work is legal in some parts of the world and regarded as a profession, while in other parts it is a crime punishable by death. In many jurisdictions prostitution is illegal. In other places prostitution itself is legal, but surrounding activities are illegal. In other jurisdictions prostitution is legal and regulated. In most jurisdictions whichRead More Human Trafficking and the International Sex Industry Essay3304 Words   |  14 Pagesstratification, and migration are all related to human trafficking. In many developing countries globalization has brought masses of wealth to the elite at the expense of the poor. Consequently, many women of the poorer classes leave their homeland in search of opportunities for employment. These women are disproportionately affected by poverty, lack of access to education, discrimination, racism, and lack of economic opportunities. International migration is an important aspect of sex traffickingRead MoreThe Slavery of the Millennium2256 Words   |  10 PagesIt is common ideology that slavery is a thing of the past. This is far from true; sex trafficking is prominent all across the world on a massive scale and is the new form of slavery. According to the U.S. Department of State estimates that 560,000 women are trafficked each year across international borders and forced into the sex industry. {{34 Holman,M. 2008; }} Other non-government programs such a UNICEF have these numbers in the millions. {{34 Holman,M. 2008; }} The real numbers of sex traffickingRead MoreSex and Human Trafficking1970 Words   |  8 PagesSex Trafficking Throughout the 21st century, the number of human beings being capture and put into sex trafficking and prostitution has risen. In 2013, about 270,000 young boys, girls, and women were forced into human trafficking in the United States alone and estimated 20.9 million in the world. The UN has also estimated that nearly 4,000,000 are trafficked each year. UNICEF has estimated that as many as 50% of all trafficking victims worldwide are minors and that as many as two thirds of thoseRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is A Global Crime1439 Words   |  6 Pagesissue occurring almost everywhere in the world and affects women, children, young adults and men. According to Green Eco Services global slavery index, reports of slave trafficking have been reported in almost every country. On the contrary, in 134 out of 196 countries internationally, sex and slave trafficking is against the law. In other words, although the trafficking of people is illegal, almost every single country- America, Russia, T hailand, India, etc.- on every single continent participates inRead MoreSex Tourism Is A Large Part Of Income1875 Words   |  8 Pagescomes to major sex destinations such as Bangkok Thailand. Sex tourism is defined as the act of travelling to another country for the purpose of paying to have sex, especially with children(dictionary.cambridge.org). The main purpose is to have sex with foreign women. In Brennan s article on Sex Tourism, we learn that like any other tourism, the only people that really benefit from it are the tourists, not even the locals or the women. The women get better financial pay in Bangkok than at otherRead MoreBurma-Thailand Relations and Muslim Immigrants2061 Words   |  9 Pagesconflict zones. Neighboring Thailand acts as an idealized â€Å"sanctuary† for the displaced refugees, though in reality even further abuse and exploitation occurs over the border due to the incompatibility of these stateless individuals with strict immigration and border policies. These offer neither protection nor social services for economically and socially disadvantaged migrants (talk about NGOs?). As a result, underhanded human trafficking and smuggling across the Burma-Thailand border has steadily increased

Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury - 944 Words

The novel Fahrenheit 451 written by Ray Bradbury is a piece of literature that reveals some strange things. The author creates a proposal of how society would be if it can reach the limits, not only technological but also social and ideological. Throughout the novel, society is subject to a regime that helps to create a strange culture to have happiness. The ideologies of communism and capitalism were in a battle to enforce their ways of thinking. This is wrong because the happiness of each person depends mainly on decisions and preferences. The diversity of thoughts and different ideas with a common purpose, good and healthy coexistence is what helps for a culture development. Fahrenheit 451 is intended to deliver a message which makes an important control point. For example, Guy Montag a fireman who burns books in a futuristic American city. In Montag’s mentality, firemen start fires wherever there is a book, and not putting them out. The people in this society do not read books, books do not have a meaning for them. Instead, they watch unnecessary amounts of television on wall-size sets, and listen to the radio on â€Å"Seashell Radio† sets attached to their ears. The mentality created in this society was controlled by the government. Controlling society by demanding people what to think, instead of letting people think for themselves is not a fair encouragement, it is repressiveness to their own views, ideas and initiatives. Taking away the freedom of having personalShow MoreRelatedFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury719 Words   |  3 PagesThe flash point of paper, or the temperature at which paper will burst in flames, is 451 degrees Fahrenh eit. In Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury, the main character, Guy Montag, is a â€Å"fireman† in a futuristic society where he and his coworkers start fires, rather than put them out. Books are banned and burned, along with the owner of the book’s house and sometimes even the owner of the book, upon discovery. Technology has taken over in a sense that social interaction between the average personRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1952 Words   |  8 Pagesis clearly displayed in the plight of Ray Bradbury’s novel about a dystopian American society, Fahrenheit 451, which contains many ideas and bits of content that some people believed should be censored. In fact, one of the reasons that this novel was censored for displaying the dangers of censorship, which is both extremely ironic, and telling as to where this society is going. Thanks to several distributors and oversensitive parents and teachers, Fahrenheit 451 has been banned in many schools overR ead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury954 Words   |  4 Pages In Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, the author uses allegory (often misinterpreted by readers) to show the dangers of mass media consumption and the decline of reading traditional media. Many readers draw incorrect conclusions (lessons learned) from the book due to how generally the book applies its theme. Government censorship, though an important topic, is not the intended focus of the novel Fahrenheit 451. Finally, Bradbury’s original message of the book shows the beauty of traditional media andRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1592 Words   |  7 PagesWhen writing the introduction to Fahrenheit 451, author Neil Gaiman stated that â€Å"ideas--written ideas--are special. They are the way we transmit our stories and our thoughts from one generation to the next. If we lose them, we lose our shared history†. Gaiman is absolutely correct; especially because what he is saying heavily applies to books. Books are a critical aspect in shaping humanity as a whole, they create and share a network of creative ideas, history, and overall entertainment; to loseRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury918 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† written by Ray Bradbury, is a futuristic, dystopian novel based upon a society secluded by technology and ignorance. In this future society, books are outlawed and firemen are presented with the task of burning books that are found in people’s homes. Montag, a fireman, finds himself intrigued with the books, and begins to take them home and read them. As the story progresses, Montag learns the truth behind why books are outlawed and flees his city to join the last remnants of age-oldRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury847 Words   |  4 PagesSet Knowledge On Fire The book Fahrenheit 451 is a postmodern work by Ray Bradbury first published in 1951. In Bradbury’s story, all books are illegal and are subject to be burned by firemen. Furthermore, the two predominant themes of Fahrenheit 451 are censorship and ignorance. The censorship implemented over the years removes all information from society that is necessary to learn, which accomplishes to prevent people from questioning anything. The ignorance of society has been fostered and theRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1661 Words   |  7 Pages1.) In the novel, Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Montag’s view on life reverses. Two characters the influence the main character Guy Montag are the old lady whose house and books were burnt down and Mildred. The old lady was caught preserving books in her home. Firemen including Montag were ordered to burn the books. The old lady refused to leave her books, so she too was burned. She bravely gave an allusion as her last words, â€Å"Play the man,’ she said, ‘Master Ridley.’ Something, somethingRead MoreFahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury818 Words   |  4 PagesFAHRENHEIT 451 BY RAY BRADBURY Important People in Montag’s Life In Partical Fulfillment Of English 2 Ms Irina Abramov By Helen Hernandez November 9, 2012 â€Å"There are worse crimes than burning books. One of them is not reading them† -Ray Bradbury. In the past there were events that affected book writers. People will get together to burn books because they thought it was inappropriate or they were against their literature. Montag is a fireman in a futuristic society who would startRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury863 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel, Fahrenheit 451 was written by Ray Bradbury and it took place in the dystopian future. Throughout each novel, we are able to see a major theme, which is censorship. In this essay, I will explain how this theme are explored in the story by using the literary devices. To begin with, in this novel, censorship is not given a straight description, but we can see how the author shows it through many literary elements, such as using the setting, tone and symbolisms even foreshadowing. This novelRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1544 Words   |  7 PagesRay Bradbury, the author of Fahrenheit 451, expresses his perspective on life in an interview. His interview contains a common theme: Do what you love, and love what you do (Bradbury). Bradbury sends a message in his interview that people should love life, and live to the fullest because he believes life is a beautiful thing. Although Bradbury no longer can demonstrate his love for life his message still lives in the pages of Fahrenheit 451. The Government of the society in the novel has told their

Essay on Databases - 968 Words

Databases in My Organization Abstract nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Databases have been in use since the early days of computing programs. An Information Technology services company, such as Getronics, not only utilizes databases for information and record management, it earns revenue by providing database management services. Getronics uses Microsoft SQL Server 2000 as its database software. The clients that contract Getronics for Information Technology services rely and depend on the accuracy and currency of the database information that is stored. Databases will continue to exist and expand as more companies become more of aware of the importance of record and data management. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Databases have been in use†¦show more content†¦An incident management system tracks end user requests, problems, and changes that are recorded by a service desk, or help desk team. The application relies on over 300 tables that contain individual pieces of information the build an end user’s request. Each table is linked by a common, unique identifier, commonly known as primary key. This unique identifier exists in all tables and links the records together. However, even though the backend application is complex, to a help desk technician, the information is presented in the incident management system in an organized, presentable manner. The help desk technician does not have to search the 300 or more tables to locate a specific piece of information. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another database that is used by Getronics is the human resources database that is linked to the SAP application. This database contains all of Getronics’ employee information including such private details like social security number and mother’s maiden name. This database is secured database that can not be accessed by any employee. In fact, not even the database administrator can see the text that is stored in the records for the employees. The data is encrypted. Since Human Resource databases typically contain financial and personnel information, it is important that the data is secured. The encryption provides security for the private and confidentialShow MoreRelatedDatabase And Database Management System Essay1068 Words   |  5 PagesZalgaonkir Pearson Cape Town Campus Introduction to Databases project Student Number: MB2014-0413 Teacher: Andrew Davies Due Date: 23/09/2016 2 Contents Page Page 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Cover Page Page 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Contents Page Page 3-5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Question 1 Page 6-12†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Optional Access Screenshots Page 13-18†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Question 2 Page 19†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦References and Bibliography 3 Question 1 1.1) Database Database is defined as a set of related data in many tables andRead MoreRelational Database : A Database1622 Words   |  7 Pages Relational Database Introduction – What is a relational database It is a database which shows the links and relationships between two sets of data/stored information in a document or mainly entities. This means e.g. if a computer system has to store a lot of data/information about people instead of repeating the same row of information which may include personal or unnecessary things, you will then be able to click on the main primary key data which then leads to the actual personal things. ThisRead MoreDatabase Security And Concerns Of A Compromised Database894 Words   |  4 PagesDatabase Security and Concerns In today’s world, there is a growing amount of complexity when it comes to databases. With that growing complexity, an increasing amount of security concerns arise, such as: unauthorized access and SQL injection. SQL injection is used to attack data-driven applications. SQL injections can manipulate or destroy databases depending on its purpose. Due to the security breaches, measures are constantly put in place in order to prevent anymore from happening. This paper’sRead MoreQuestions On Database Security And Database Systems1368 Words   |  6 PagesDATABASE SECURITY Submitted to the Faculty of American Public University By Loren Robert Hensley In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Course of INFO620 Enterprise Database Systems November 2014 American Public University Charles Town, WV â€Æ' Abstract This paper explores the different aspects of security as it pertains to database systems. It will provide an overview of security concerns such as access control, user authentication, reliability and data integrity, as well as how IT professionalsRead MoreDatabase Indexes : Database Index2068 Words   |  9 Pages Database Indexes Akhila Mupparaju Wilmington University IST-7000 April 23, 2015 Sten David. Database Indexes A Database, support query optimization technique (Jeffery A. Hoffer, V. Ramesh, Heikki Topi, 2010). An index is a pointer to the data in a table, and it is an access mechanism that helps to find out where a record present. A database can have one or more indexes connected with it. A database index is one type of data structure, it is usedRead MoreTypes Of Database For Flat File Database939 Words   |  4 PagesTypes of Database 1. Flat File Database A flat file database is an excellent way of storing a pretty small amount of records. Flat file can be a plain text file. Flat file are generally not a structural relationships between the records. For example a spread sheet application such as Excel can be used as a flat file database. Each row in a worksheet can be a record and each column and a field. Flat file database can also be stored in a dedicated database application such as Access. Installing databaseRead MoreDatabase Management System : History Database System1408 Words   |  6 PagesDATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM History of database system: Brief history of database management is as follows, 1950s: Database management system started its journey in late 1950s with the invent of magnetic tapes. All the data was stored in tapes. Processing of data requires reading data from one or more tapes and writing to a new tape after processing. 1960s – 1970s: Database management system could enhance its features with invent of harddisk. Unlike files, hard disk supports random accessRead MoreTechnical Guide : Database And Database Essay1551 Words   |  7 PagesTechnical guide Database It is the collection of schemas, tables, queries, reports, views, and other objects. The data are typically organized to model aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring information, such as modelling the availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies. It is a structured set of data held in a computer, especially one that is accessible in various ways. A database is a collection of information that is organized soRead MoreRelational Databases4819 Words   |  20 PagesCHAPTER 4 RELATIONAL DATABASES SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 4.1 Contrast the logical and the physical view of data and discuss why separate views are necessary in database applications. Describe which perspective is most useful for each of the following employees: a programmer, a manager, and an internal auditor. How will understanding logical data structures assist you when designing and using database systems?lt;/paragt;lt;/questiongt;lt;questionRead MoreRelational Database : Assignment : Database1882 Words   |  8 PagesRelational Database – Assignment Introduction – What is a relational database It is a database which shows the links and relationships between two sets of data/stored information in a document or mainly entities. This means e.g. if a computer system has to store a lot of data/information about people instead of repeating the same row of information which may include personal or unnecessary things, you will then be able to click on the main primary key data which then leads to the actual personal

Health and Safety at Work

Question: Discuss the health and safety related legislations in UK and management system to respond to legislation. Answer: Introduction The health and safety at the workplace in the United Kingdom, is administered by the Health and Safety Executive from now on referred to as HSE. The HSE is a public body that works for the regulation, encouragement, and enforcement of health and safety at workplaces. The HSE is not a departmental body also responsible for researching the risks arising out of occupation in the United Kingdom, Wales, and Scotland. The Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974, created the HSE. The headquarters of HSE is situated at Liverpool, United Kingdom. It is crucial to provide health and safety provisions by any organization (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). It is because the proper health and safety provisions in any organization help to ensure that the employees are not injured helps to create safety and health culture, helps to analyze the better management of health and safety and helps to meet the legal requirement of organizations to meet health and safety provisions. Health and Safety Related Legislations in UK History of Health and Safety Legislations Occupational health means and includes all the spheres of health and safety at the workplace and strongly focuses on the basic hazard prevention. The history of health and safety provisions is a recent phenomenon. The need for health and safety provisions at the workplace was felt with the cropping up of the labor movements. In the nineteenth century in England, with the enactment of the Factory Acts, the need for health provisions for the poor children involved in the cotton mills was greatly felt. The publication was made by the royal commission in 1840 regarding the working conditions of the workers engaged in the mining industry at that time (Bahr 2014). Key Elements mentioned in the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act, 1974 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act of 1974, was passed by the British Parliament, and it provides the basic structure and body which is involved with the regulation, encouragement, and enforcement of the safety, health and welfare provisions at workplace situated in the United Kingdom (Bratton and Gold 2012). The Act states the duties of the employees, employers, suppliers and contract in work premises and the persons who manage the work premises. The Act covers a wide area of regulation that involves ministers from the government. The Act has been a statutory mechanism since 1974. The Act states the general principles relating to managing health and safety at workplaces. The Act also specifically provides the Code of practice in the form of regulations for regulating the health and safety at workplaces. Some of the regulations are Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations relating to Control of Hazardous Substances (2002), the Health and Safety at Work Management Regulations (1999), etc. The Act also intended to make rational the confusing systems of legislations which are existing (Channing 2013). The Act has set out several objectives and goals. They are as follows: To secure the health, welfare and safety provisions of the human beings at work. To protect the persons who are not at work, from the risk issues of health and safety arising out of the persons involved at work (Ferrett 2012). To control the use and keeping of substances flammable in nature that includes explosives (Chassin and Loeb 2013). Provisions of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act The Act starts by stating the duties of the employers. Section 2 of the Act states the general duties which the employers need to follow (Hoel 2013). The general duties of the employer are as follows: creating provisions and maintaining system of work that are usually risk-free and safe to health. making arrangements to ensure that the risks to health are not present about storage, use handling and transmission of goods and services. making provisions for those information to the employees which are related to the health and safety of employees. making provisions for providing the working environment for every employee. According to Section 3 of the Act, it is the duty of the employers and the self-employed persons to make provisions regarding the safety of the persons who are not employees. It includes the safety of the clients, visitors, etc. It has to be noted that the Act does not extend to the domestic servants (Hughes and Ferrett 2015). Section 4 of the Act provides the duties of the occupiers for maintaining a risk-free and safe environment to work. The term occupiers include the commercial landlords, maintenance contractors, etc. Section 6 (1) of the Act declares the duties of any person who is involved in designing, supplying, manufacturing and importing any article which is used at work. The duties of the persons are ensuring that the articles constructed by him are safe and possess no risk to the health of the persons involved, performing the essential tests of the articles for the purpose of ensuring the safety, to take essential steps to secure that the health and safety provisions are attained at the workplace. Section 7 provides the duties of the employees at the time of work. The duties of the employees are to take reasonable care of the health and safety of themselves as well as the persons working with them or other employees. The other duty of the employees is to cooperate with the employer, who is performing his duties. Section 8 of the Act states the duties of the persons in general. The sections make it clear that no person shall interfere or indulge himself with anything that is involved with the misuse of interests of health, safety and welfare of people in the workplace. In every section, there is a word reasonably practicable mentioned. The word has been incorporated in the sections to make it clear that the duties of the employer and employee are not absolute. The employer and the employee have to meet the requirement of their duties only in those cases where it physically possible to meet. It also means that the employer and the employee must make reasonable efforts to perform their duties but if it is possible physically. Health and Safety Executive Functions The Health and Safety Executive performs the following functions: to assist and encourage persons who are performing their duties by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act of 1974. to encourage research work and arrange for their publication relating to the health and safety at workplaces. to propose new regulations to be introduced. to keep the Secretary of the State informed about its plans. The Secretary of State keep is entitled to direct the Executive. to make arrangements to provide Employment Medical Advisory Service. Regulations relating to Health and Safety The Secretary of the State is assigned with wide powers to formulate health and safety regulations. The breach of any duty set forth by the Secretary of the State can result in any criminal prosecution under section 33 of the Act. Management System to respond to Legislation The employees may find the regulations of the Act confusing to file individual suits. By section 18 of the Health and Safety at Work Act, 1974, the HSE has the authority to delegate its actions to the Government with the view of getting a targeted approach. It has been clearly mentioned that any enforcing authority can appoint or indulge inspectors for enforcing the health and safety provisions. The Local Government bodies that can act as enforcing authorities are districted councils, county council where district council is not present, councils of London Borough, London common council, etc. The powers of the inspectors are as follows: to enter any work premises which he bears a reason to believe that it is essential for him to enter to enforce the provisions of the Act, at any reasonable time and in a dangerous circumstances. to go along with any constable if he bears any reasonable fear regarding the execution of his duties (Hughes and Laryea 2013). to take any other person who is authorized to act on the enforcing authority or any materials required for the cause of exercising his power to enter the work premises. to conduct any test or examination that he deems necessary for the enforcement of the Act (Kang et al. 2016). to decide whether any part or whole part of the premises be kept undisturbed for the purpose of his investigation. to collect such photographs and measurements that consider fit for the purpose of his investigation. to take any sample articles or things found within the boundary of the premises. to cause any substance which seems to be a risk to health or safety, to be destroyed by any test or method, not to damage or destroy it unless there is a necessity to enforce the Act (Schaufeli and Taris 2014). to take possession of any article and retain it for the purpose of examining it (Linsley 2015). for ensuring that the article is not tampered in any way before his examination (Wilson and Sharples 2015). for ensuring that the article can be used as evidence in any proceedings in the court of law (Larson 2015). to demand any person to deliver information that is relevant to the investigation. to ask for the production, inspection of any copies of any documents or books which is required by any statutory provisions of the Act or any other documents or which it is essential for him to look through for any investigation or examination (Sievert et al. 2013). to demand any person to provide him such frame work and assistance on any things which is in the control of the person or about which that person possess the functions that are essential to enable the inspector to perform the powers conferred upon him (Tucker and Folkard 2012). To perform any other power, that is required to enforce the Act (Chen and Osman 2012). Conclusion It can be observed that if there is any offence committed in terms of health and safety, that is directly attributable to negligence of any manager or director or secretary or any other officer of the similar rank of the organization, then that person or organization can be put to prosecution under section 37 of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act, 1974 (Cane and Atiyah 2013). The latest case laws have affirmed that the directors can never avoid any charge of negligence under section 37 by making arrangements for the business of their organization so that they are ignorant of facts that would incur their responsibility to address the breaches of health and safety (Okoye and Okolie 2014). The persons held responsibly is liable to fines and sentenced to imprisonment. In addition to that, section 2(1) of the Company Directors Disqualification Act 1986 gives powers to the court to disqualify any individual who is accused of offense in relation to the management of any company. The section includes offenses relating to health and safety. The referred power is at the discretion of the courts, and it is not required to conduct an extra investigation (Moran 2013). The directors who are individual can be held liable for any other related faults, such as the offenses stated in common law such as manslaughter and gross negligence (Forster 2014). In common law, if gross negligence is proved only when the individual officers cause death by their gross negligent behavior (Feng 2013). The referred offense is punishable by a fine of any amount and imprisonment that can extend to any number of years (Owen and Lewis 2014). Recommendations The recommendations that are reached by the researcher is that the health and safety provisions of any organization must be able to assess the risks and dangers of the customers, employees, partners and other peoples (McCaffrey 2013). After the assessment of the risk, the organization must make proper arrangements for the organizing and control of the measures that protects the health of the persons. Any organization must have their health and safety measures written in a prescribed form. Lastly, the organization must have access health and safety measures which are competent. Reference List Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bahr, N.J., 2014.System safety engineering and risk assessment: a practical approach. CRC Press. Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012.Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Channing, J., 2013.Safety at Work. Routledge. Chassin, M.R. and Loeb, J.M., 2013. High reliability health care: Getting there from here.Milbank Quarterly,91(3), pp.459-490. Ferrett, E., 2012.Introduction to Health and Safety at Work Revision Cards. Routledge. Hoel, H., 2013. Workplace Bullying in United Kingdom.Workplace Bullying and Harassment, p.61. Hughes, P. and Ferrett, E., 2015.Introduction to Health and Safety at Work: For the NEBOSH National General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety. Routledge. Hughes, W. and Laryea, S., 2013. Organizing for Sustainable Procurement: Theories, Institutions, and Practice. InDesign and Management of Sustainable Built Environments(pp. 385-395). Springer London. Kang, J.W., Do, K.H., Han, K., Chae, E.J., Yang, D.H. and Lee, C.W., 2016. Survey of Thoracic CT Protocols and Technical Parameters in Korean Hospitals: Changes before and after Establishment of Thoracic CT Guideline by Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology in 2008.Journal of Korean medical science,31(Suppl 1), pp.S32-S37. Larson, L.K., 2015.Employee Health--AIDS Discrimination(Vol. 10). Larson on Employment Discrimination. Moran, T., 2013.Legal competence in environmental health. Routledge. Okoye, P.U. and Okolie, K.C., 2014. Exploratory study of the cost of health and safety performance of building contractors in South-East Nigeria.British journal of Environmental sciences,2(1), pp.21-33. Owen, S. and Lewis, J.R., 2014.Law for the construction industry. Routledge. Schaufeli, W.B. and Taris, T.W., 2014. A critical review of the Job Demands-Resources Model: Implications for improving work and health. InBridging occupational, organizational and public health(pp. 43-68). Springer Netherlands. Sievert, D.M., Ricks, P., Edwards, J.R., Schneider, A., Patel, J., Srinivasan, A., Kallen, A., Limbago, B. and Fridkin, S., 2013. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20092010.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,34(01), pp.1-14. Wilson, J.R. and Sharples, S. eds., 2015.Evaluation of human work. CRC Press. Cane, P. and Atiyah, P.S., 2013.Atiyah's Accidents, compensation and the law. Cambridge University Press. Tucker, P. and Folkard, S., 2012.Working time, health and safety: A research synthesis paper. ILO. Forster, G., 2014.Construction Site Studies: Production Administration and Personnel. Routledge. Chen, Y. and Osman, J., 2012. Occupational cancer in Britain.British journal of cancer,107, pp.S104-S108. McCaffrey, D.P., 2013.OSHA and the Politics of Health Regulation. Springer Science Business Media. Feng, Y., 2013. Effect of safety investments on safety performance of building projects.Safety science,59, pp.28-45. Linsley, T., 2015.Advanced Electrical Installation Work 2365 Edition: City and Guilds Edition. Routledge.

Impact of the Economic Status on Domestic Violence

Introduction Domestic abuse, otherwise known as spousal abuse, battering, or even domestic violence, includes expressions of certain patterns of behaviors that are abusive towards one’s partner in a relationship involving marriage, cohabitation, dating, or a familial affair.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Impact of the Economic Status on Domestic Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Domestic violence is acerbated in a number of ways including assaults, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, economic deprivation, domineering, and intimidation among other forms of personal oppression. However, it is also crucial to note that domestic violence is not constrained to actions entailing physical and emotional abuse. It also implies criminal coercion, unlawful imprisonment, and kidnapping. The main reason why domestic violence is acerbated towards a person is principally to acquire a total control of the pe rson. To achieve this goal, abusers deploy tactics of instilling fear, shame, and guilt coupled with intimidation to wear down their targets physically and emotionally. One of the fundamental characteristics of domestic violence is that it does not discriminate various people in the society. It occurs among heterosexual partners, homosexual partners, and among people of varying ages, economic status, and even across all ethnic backgrounds. While women in majority of the situations are found to be the major victims of domestic violence, men also are abused domestically especially emotionally and verbally while not negating physically in some instances. Nevertheless, whatever the source of domestic violence, be it from a woman, a teenager, or a man, the behavior is very unacceptable within a society. Unfortunately, domestic violence is still prevalent among various societies. From this perspective, from a broad approach, the paper finds out if the economical status of families may be connected to domestic violence.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also seeks to investigate why, and if one’s, childhood may be linked to domestic violence. On the other hand, from an operational approach, the paper scrutinizes how, and if, poverty plays a role in domestic abuse. Economic Status of Families and Domestic abuse Among the many forms of domestic abuse, economic abuse is one of the ways of enabling one person to domineer against another person. It takes place whenever intimate persons take control over other persons to limit their accessibility to economic resources. Essentially, the abusing partners deploy strategies for making sure that their partners have limited accessibility to economic resources. By doing this, the abused partner is incapacitated from having the ability to support him/herself financially. The aftermath is to ensure that the vic tim is fully dependent on the perpetrator economically in terms of â€Å"obtaining education, finding employment, maintaining or advancing their careers, and acquiring assets† (Williams 161). Alternatively, the abused partner may be given some tolerances by the perpetrator who closely supervises how he or she expends the finances â€Å"and or may also use the victim’s financial resources without being accorded consent with the chief intent of creating financial debts on the part of the victim† (Krishnan 137). The perpetrator may also make sure that all the savings belonging to the victims are used in totality so that the victim has limited accessibility to financial resources. From the dimension of economic domestic abuse, risks for domestic violence may result from a change of economic status of either spouse. The argument here is that there exists a relationship between economic status of family and domestic violence.Advertising We will write a custom res earch paper sample on Impact of the Economic Status on Domestic Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, Krishnan et al. argue that changes in spousal economic status â€Å"are associated with subsequent changes in violence risks† (139). Basing their study on the Indian context, the authors claim that women increase their risks of being subjected to domestic violence by 80 percent when their economic status changes from unemployment to employment. On the other hand, when men lose their jobs, they are 1.7 times likely to encounter domestic violence perpetrated by their wives (Krishnan et al. 141). In a study conducted in Malaysia by Awang and Hariharan, it is found out that the income status of survivors of domestic violence is a key determinant of domestic violence (459). Therefore, economic factors are critical in examining the factors that may create prevalence of domestic violence among families in various soc ieties. Arguably, the central concern of this argument is that domestic violence may be attributed to economic factors. However, it is also arguable that domestic violence may lead to deterioration of the parties involved in the violence economically. Precisely, â€Å"until recently, it was unclear whether victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking were eligible for unemployment insurance if they were fired or forced to quit their jobs because of the violence† (Runge 16). Consequently, in the states where the law has not been amended to give people opportunities to benefit from unemployment benefits when such people are laid off because of reasons related to domestic violence, battering acts as a means of worsening the economic status of the victims. Research on the impacts of domestic violence on the ability of women to work such as the one conducted by Audra and Shannon shows that women who are abused have lesser probabilities of choosing to work than women w ho have not experienced domestic violence (1119). This implies that battering influences the capacity of women to look for means of bettering their economic status. This has the impacts of making them even more dependent on the perpetrators of domestic violence. In this context, economic independency is a subtle mechanism of reducing the risk of exposure to domestic violence among women.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, women who suffer divorce due to domestic violence â€Å"exhibit an unemployment rate of 20% below that of non abused divorced women† (Audra and Shannon 1120). From these findings, it sounds subtle to argue that working women have lesser probabilities of experiencing domestic violence. Therefore, the hiked economic status for women resulting from the state of being employed is a key determiner of their exposure to domestic violence. This argument is amplified by Audra and Shannon’s findings, â€Å"†¦out of the sample of women that were abused in the past, 9.4% of women who are currently not working are abused whereas only 8.9% (3.48% out of 39.2% married women abused in the past) of women who are currently working are abused† (1120). The findings indicate that unemployment among women may result to a cycle of exposure to domestic violence. This follows because, the more women are exposed to domestic violence and the more likely they refrai n from looking for employment, the higher the probability of being abused. Since employment is directly correlated with the economic status of individual, the argument provides substantive grounds to infer that a relationship exists between domestic violence and economic status of families. Link between Childhood and Domestic Violence Numerous scholars have investigated the impacts of people’s exposure on domestic violence on childhood based on the capacity of such people to result into abusing their partners in adulthood. For instance, Audra and Shannon argue that men who have experienced domestic abuse during their childhood have higher chances of abusing their wives (1119). This experience comes from seeing their fathers abuse their mothers. Nevertheless, employment status also plays central roles in making men abuse their wives. For instance, Audra and Shannon argue, â€Å"abusive husbands are also more likely to have experienced unemployment in the past 12 months and ar e much less likely to have a university education than non abusive spouse† (1119). Education is one of the ways of ensuring that societies are fully aware of the rights of all individuals including the right for not being abused domestically. However, based on the findings of Audra and Shannon, childhood experiences in battering seems like a force that is so strong that it out powers educational knowledge on battering. The contribution of the experiences of children rendering them resolve to intimate partner violence is also noted by Mbilinyi et al. who claim that cognition of domestic violence in childhood has the ability to make people normalize domestic violence in adulthood (171). Amid the above claim, it is also important to consider other counterarguments for the link between childhood exposure to domestic violence and their likelihoods of resulting to engaging in violence activities themselves in adulthood. In this dimension, several scholars encounter mixed findings on the link particularly on incorporation of dimensions such as utilization of contextual barriers in their studies. Such barriers include social economic status and community violence. Nevertheless, Mbilinyi et al. maintain that childhood domestic violence is an indicator and a factor that may help in predicting indulgence in adulthood domestic violence (183). During perpetration of domestic violence acts, children are always caught in between the warring parties. Consequently, they develop certain psychological and behavioral attitudes towards either party. Sometimes, in this interaction process, children end up being physically abused once they intervene in defense of the weaker party. Murrell et al. support this line of argument by further informing, â€Å"Many women are abused by intimate partners, millions of children witness such acts, and many of these children are physically abused† (523). Many of such children possess higher chances of portraying violent behaviors dur ing their adulthood. Hence, exposures to domestic violence in the family of origin may act as a subsequent factor that may result to the victimization of one’s partner. Kerley et al. reinforce this argument by claiming, â€Å"this relationship holds not only for direct exposure (experiencing violence), but also for indirect exposure (witnessing violence against a parent or sibling)† (337). Arguably, people’s indulgence in domestic violence following exposure to environments dominated by perpetration of battering may be seen as being caused by intergenerational transmission of battering behavior. However, it is critical to note that there is scholarly evidence that the issue of children witnessing or experiencing violent acts being perpetrated to one of their parents by the other parent has probabilities of making such children practice similar behaviors towards their partners later in adulthood. However, the extent to which their violent acts measures up to the threshold of their experiences remains unclear. Therefore, it remains questionable whether other factors such as social economic status serve to increase the abusive behaviors experienced during childhood or these factors act as independent factors that lead to the portrayal of the abusive behaviors. Role of Poverty in Domestic Violence Poverty and battering are essentially interwoven. This implies that any endeavor to run away from an abusive relationship may expose the victim to some economic challenges, which are often too hard to accept as the status quo. Precisely, any attempt to vacate from one place to another in the quest to escape domestic violence would imply losing housing, jobs, accessibility to one’s partner income, and childcare while also not negating quality health care. This argument is amplified Evans who argues that, in Australia, â€Å"there continues to be a higher prevalence of domestic violence, and more severe physical injury sustained as a result of domestic violence among population groups living with poverty† (36). In this perspective, where one partner is not economically endowed, chances are that, for her or him to continue with normal life economically, he or she needs to endure domestic violence. The severity of poverty in resulting to exaggeration of acerbating violent acts is exemplified by legislation and other state policies. This follows because the policies and the legislation on domestic violence only provide mechanisms of isolation of the victim from the perpetrator without providing for or guaranteeing long-term financial security to the victim. On the other hand, anti-poverty schemes primarily focus on hiking the accessibility to economic resources without paying attention to and inculcating measures to ensure that an abusive partner does not harm the job of the victim. Poverty exposes women who are battered to minimal options. For those women who have low incomes, they have a high probability of being sub jected to discrimination, which has the overall results of reducing their financial security and their safety. For example, some property owners may shun away from renting their houses to women whose rents have been subsidized by their governments. Consequently, it sounds plausible to argue that women who live in low-income neighborhoods are likely to have low economic opportunities and accessibility to employment. Hence, they are more likely to experience battering without escaping away from it. Directly congruent with this argument, Williams further argues that women with low incomes may be compelled to â€Å"seek emergency housing whether they reside in domestic violence or homeless shelters† (143). Thus, poverty is critical in making victims of domestic violence to continue persevering maltreatments acerbated by their partners. Mogford supports this argument by further arguing, â€Å"The effects of a woman’s status on her likelihood of experiencing abuse depend on the social realm within which status operates† (835). Additionally, the author confirms the prior arguments that poverty and domestic violence are intertwined especially in the context of rural areas. Arguably, poverty results to battering due to increased relationship and familial stresses, which have the utmost consequences of posing a limitation to the victims’ capacity to depart from an abusive partner. For many demographic social groups, nonmetropolitan poverty is normally higher than metropolitan poverty. This truncates into making the survivors of domestic violence living in rural areas have limited means of transportation. Consequently, this makes them unable to free from abusive partners to seek refuge in their friends and or families’ homes located far away from their rural dwellings. The argument here is that poverty leads to making the victims of domestic abuse persevere domestic violence acts perpetrated to them by their partners. Works Cited Audra, Bowlus, and  Shannon  Seitz. â€Å"Domestic Violence, Employment, and Divorce.† International Economic Review, vol.  47, no. 4, 2006, pp. 1113-1149. Awang, Halimah, and Sharon Hariharan. â€Å"Determinants of Domestic Violence: Evidence from Malaysia.† Journal of Family Violence, vol.  26, no. 6, 2011, pp. 459-464. Evans, Susan. â€Å"Beyond Gender: Class, Poverty and Domestic Violence.† Australian Social Work, vol. 58, no. 1, 2005, pp. 36-43. Kerley, Kent, et al. â€Å"Exposure to Family Violence in Childhood and Intimate Partner Perpetration or Victimization in Adulthood: Exploring Intergenerational Transmission in Urban Thailand.† Journal of Family Violence, vol. 25, no. 3, 2010, pp. 337-347. Krishnan, Suneeta, et al. â€Å"Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore, India.† Social Science Medicine, vol.  70, no. 1, 2010, pp. 136-143. Mbilinyi, Lyungai, et al. â⠂¬Å"Childhood Domestic Violence Exposure among a Community Sample of Adult Perpetrators: What Mediates the Connection?† Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, vol.  21, no. 2, 2012, pp. 171-187. Mogford, Elizabeth. â€Å"When Status Hurts: Dimensions of Women’s Status and Domestic Abuse in Rural Northern India.† Violence against Women, vol. 17, no. 7, 2011, pp. 835-857. Murrell, Amy, et al. â€Å"Characteristics of Domestic Violence Offenders: Associations with Childhood Exposure to Violence.† Journal of Family Violence, vol.  22, no. 7, 2007, pp. 523-532. Runge, Robin. â€Å"The Legal Response to the Employment Needs of Domestic Violence Victims: An Update.† Human Rights, vol.  37, no. 3, 2010, pp. 13-23. Williams, Jean. â€Å"Domestic Violence and Poverty: The Narratives of Homeless Women.† A Journal of Women Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, 1998, pp. 143-165. This research paper on Impact of the Economic Status on Domestic Violence was written and submitted by user D0ct0rSpectrum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Impact of the Economic Status on Domestic Violence Audra, Bowlus, and  Shannon  Seitz. â€Å"Domestic Violence, Employment, and Divorce.† International Economic Review, vol.  47, no. 4, 2006, pp. 1113-1149. The article argues that women are normally caught in between a cycle of domestic violence akin to factors related to the likelihoods of seeking employment having priory experienced domestic violence acerbated to them by their husbands.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Impact of the Economic Status on Domestic Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, a model for domestic violence is approximated with the objective of determining which party in marriage abuses the other one coupled with determining the manner in which women respond to abuses via divorce and unemployment. It is asserted, â€Å"Employment before the occurrence of abuse is a significant deterrent† (Audra, and Shannon 1113). Additionally, the articl es claim that men’s indulgence in domestic abuse may be predicted by their encounters of domestic abuse in childhood. Awang, Halimah, and Sharon Hariharan. â€Å"Determinants of Domestic Violence: Evidence from Malaysia.† Journal of Family Violence, vol.  26, no. 6, 2011, pp. 459-464. This article scrutinizes the factors that may determine the occurrence of domestic violence in Malaysian context. Its analysis restricts itself to impacts of marital capital and demographic factors on households and the manner in which these factors relate with domestic violence. In making its inferences, the study utilized empirical evidence garnered from case files of Malaysian women’s aid organization. The results indicate that three factors determine domestic violence. These are income status, number of children, and age of the perpetrator. Evans, Susan. â€Å"Beyond Gender: Class, Poverty and Domestic Violence.† Australian Social Work, vol. 58, no. 1, 2005, pp. 36-43. Evans argues that it is crucial to understand clearly the relationship that exists between poverty as a form of marginalization and domestic violence. In the Australasian context, the author further suggests that poverty is a central contributor for continued perseverance for people to live with abusive partners. Therefore, the article proposes that necessary efforts for preventing domestic violence needs to encompass the manner in which poverty interlocks with class (economic class) and other factors such as social identities that define the experiences of people in domestic abuses.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kerley, Kent, et al. â€Å"Exposure to Family Violence in Childhood and Intimate Partner Perpetration or Victimization in Adulthood: Exploring Intergenerational Transmission in Urban Thailand.† Journal of Family Violence, vol. 25, no. 3, 2010, pp. 337-347. The article uses a sample size of 816 Bangkok women who are married to carry out an analysis of the impacts of their exposure on domestic violence on their capacity to perpetrate victimization and domestic violence on their partners in adulthood. In the words of the authors, their results indicated, â€Å"there are indeed long-term and significant effects of childhood exposure to family violence on the likelihood of Thai women’s psychological and physical intimate partner perpetration† (Kerley et al. 337). More importantly, the article claims that there is a direct correlation between childhood exposures to domestic violence and adult battering. Krishnan, Suneeta, et al. â€Å"Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore, India.† Social Science Medicine, vol.  70, no. 1, 2010, pp. 136-143. The authors of this article carried out study on the prevalence of domestic violence on c hanges in employment status of families in India. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2006. It used data generated from 744 married women belonging to the age group of 16 to 25 years. The study used â€Å"regression models to examine the prospective association between women’s employment status, their perceptions of their husband’s employment stability, and domestic violence† (Krishnan et al 136). Results indicated that women’s chances of encountering domestic violence increased by 80 percent when their employment status changed from unemployment to unemployment.  On the other hand, for the control group (men), chances of encountering domestic violence increase by 1.7 times when their status changed from employed to unemployed. Mbilinyi, Lyungai, et al. â€Å"Childhood Domestic Violence Exposure among a Community Sample of Adult Perpetrators: What Mediates the Connection?† Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, vol.  21, no. 2, 2012, pp. 171-187. This article scrutinizes the existing evidence on the association of domestic violence experiences in childhood with intimate partner violence or simply domestic violence in adulthood.  In the study, 124 male adjudicated perpetrators of domestic violence who were non-treatment seeking were examined. The results evidenced that exposure to childhood violence leads to the normalization of IPV. Mogford, Elizabeth. â€Å"When Status Hurts: Dimensions of Women’s Status and Domestic Abuse in Rural Northern India.† Violence against Women, vol. 17, no. 7, 2011, pp. 835-857. In this article, a multiple regression analysis is conducted to determine the correlation between domestic abuse and status of women in a rural dwelling (Uttar) in India. The data used is obtained from national family health survey, which was conducted between 1998 to 1999.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Impact of the Economic Status on Domestic Violen ce specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The results show, â€Å"the effects of a woman’s status on her likelihood of experiencing abuse depend on the social realm within which status operates† (Mogford 835). Here, status is a measure of the perception of an individual economic status. Murrell, Amy, et al. â€Å"Characteristics of Domestic Violence Offenders: Associations with Childhood Exposure to Violence.† Journal of Family Violence, vol.  22, no. 7, 2007, pp. 523-532. The authors of the article studied 1099 male adults who had differing extents of exposure to violent experiences in childhood domestically. The chief aim of the research was to examine â€Å"differences in generality, frequency, and severity of violent offenses, nonviolent criminal behavior, and psychopathology within a battering population† (Murrell et al. 523). The results indicate that men who had experiences of witnessing domestic violenc e in their childhood engaged more frequently in battering. Additionally, males who were abused in their childhood were also likely to abuse their children while also likely to participate in general violence in adulthood. Runge, Robin. â€Å"The Legal Response to the Employment Needs of Domestic Violence Victims: An Update.† Human Rights, vol.  37, no. 3, 2010, pp. 13-23. This article discusses various legal provisions relating to the needs of people experiencing battering. Other concerns that are given central consideration are the workers’ compensation when they leave work due to family violence reasons and insurance benefits accorded to persons rendered unemployed due to domestic violence. The article holds that where these benefits are denied, persons afflicted by domestic violence may end up getting impaired economically by subjection into violent acts by their partners. Williams, Jean. â€Å"Domestic Violence and Poverty: The Narratives of Homeless Women.† A Journal of Women Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, 1998, pp. 143-165. This article investigates the possible factors that may help in explaining the status of women who are homeless and their capacity to experience domestic violence. A particular emphasis is paid to scarcity of low-cost housing as a key contributor for women to continue persevering domestic violence. This sway, the article establishes a magnificent connection between homelessness and experience of domestic violence among Arizona women.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The article claims, â€Å"Women interviewed emphasize the impact of divorce, battering, and other family disruptions in combination with economic insecurity and primary responsibility for their children on their paths to homelessness† (Williams 143).  Therefore, perception of financial insecurity impaired by poverty makes women tolerate maltreatment. Works Cited Audra, Bowlus, and  Shannon  Seitz. â€Å"Domestic Violence, Employment, and Divorce.† International Economic Review, vol.  47, no. 4, 2006, pp. 1113-1149. Awang, Halimah, and Sharon Hariharan. â€Å"Determinants of Domestic Violence: Evidence from Malaysia.† Journal of Family Violence, vol.  26, no. 6, 2011, pp. 459-464. Evans, Susan. â€Å"Beyond Gender: Class, Poverty and Domestic Violence.† Australian Social Work, vol. 58, no. 1, 2005, pp. 36-43. Kerley, Kent, et al. â€Å"Exposure to Family Violence in Childhood and Intimate Partner Perpetration or Victimization in Adulthood: Explo ring Intergenerational Transmission in Urban Thailand.† Journal of Family Violence, vol. 25, no. 3, 2010, pp. 337-347. Krishnan, Suneeta, et al. â€Å"Do changes in spousal employment status lead to domestic violence? Insights from a prospective study in Bangalore, India.† Social Science Medicine, vol.  70, no. 1, 2010, pp. 136-143. Mbilinyi, Lyungai, et al. â€Å"Childhood Domestic Violence Exposure among a Community Sample of Adult Perpetrators: What Mediates the Connection?† Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, vol.  21, no. 2, 2012, pp. 171-187. Mogford, Elizabeth. â€Å"When Status Hurts: Dimensions of Women’s Status and Domestic Abuse in Rural Northern India.† Violence against Women, vol. 17, no. 7, 2011, pp. 835-857. Murrell, Amy, et al. â€Å"Characteristics of Domestic Violence Offenders: Associations with Childhood Exposure to Violence.† Journal of Family Violence, vol.  22, no. 7, 2007, pp. 523-532. Runge, Robin. â⠂¬Å"The Legal Response to the Employment Needs of Domestic Violence Victims: An Update.† Human Rights, vol.  37, no. 3, 2010, pp. 13-23. Williams, Jean. â€Å"Domestic Violence and Poverty: The Narratives of Homeless Women.† A Journal of Women Studies, vol. 19, no. 2, 1998, pp. 143-165. This annotated bibliography on Impact of the Economic Status on Domestic Violence was written and submitted by user Samuel Heath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Essays

Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Essays Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Paper Exploring Male and Female Non-verbal Forms of Communication Paper â€Å"We cannot not communicate†- this is an established fact in human existence and separates humans from other mammals. Even in silence one sends a multitude of messages: with one’s gaze, facial expression, touch, posture, gestures, and the manner in which one distances himself from the person or persons being communicated with. Equally, one’s choice of clothing and color as well as his timing may say more than what he communicates with his words. Yet as one speaks, more is revealed with the quality of his voice (pitch, tone and intonation), the number and length of his utterances, and the presence or absence of disfluencies in his words and even in his choice of words. Although in most recent studies some communication specialists would separate characteristics attributed to voice as well as word choice as paraverbal communication (Windle and Warren, n. d. ), we will refer to the earliest considerations on the forms of communication- the verbal and the nonverbal (Ehninger, et al, 1982; Pace, Peterson, Burnett, 1979; Becvar, 1974). Whether these nonverbals are sent intentionally or otherwise, one is certain: they serve certain factors: 1) repeating (e. g. vocal utterance and other NVCs that are presumed to repeat what is said), substituting (e. g. shaking the head in disagreement or nodding in acceptance), complementing (to emphasize emotional feelings), regulating, accenting and either deceiving or revealing a person’s intent and real emotions with regards to the communication situation. How much of what one communicates is nonverbal? David Givens (2005) provides an estimate on this phenomenon: Communicating Without Words According to Kramer, 94% of our communication is nonverbal, Jerry (Seinfeld, January 29, 1998). Kramers estimates (like the statistics of anthropologist Ray Birdwhistell [65%; Knapp 1972] and of psychologist Albert Mehrabian [93%; 1971]) are hard to verify. But the proportion of our emotional communication that is expressed apart from words surely exceeds 99%. So much is said even with a very few words that one should have a better understanding of the NVCs to become an effective communicator, and in the process overcome misunderstanding. A number of factors must be considered in understanding this form of communication, namely: 1) the manner in which the nonverbal is sent (either be deliberately or unconsciously transferred); 2) gender (males vs. female); and 3) socio-cultural (Europeans vs. Asians; minority vs. majority). For this purpose, we shall focus our discussion on the effects of gender differences in the use of nonverbal communication. O’Carroll’s (2006) article reviews some of the studies devoted to understanding the effects of gender on an individual’s communication style, including that of Deborah Tannena’s book You Just Don’t Understand: Men and Women in Conversation, which has been in the New York’s list of bestseller for nearly four years and have been translated into 24 languages, implying that certain misconceptions (i. e. girls aren’t more social than boys, neither are they more suggestible, girls aren’t any better at learning off by heart, boys aren’t good at more abstract learning, girls don’t have lower self esteem and that girls lack motivation [Macoby and Jacklin]) why females or males in particular ways while in a communication situation are somehow culturally ingrained in an individual’s pyche. Communicating Without Words Somehow socio-cultural norms (including the roles both assigned and perceived to be attributed to a particular gender) General disparities between male and female communication styles have been described as debate vs. relate, report vs. rapport, or competitive vs. cooperative (Gender Differences in Communication, n. d. ). How these are either revealed or concealed through the nonverbals will likewise be explained. Earlier it was mentioned that several types of nonverbal communication are perceivable in every communicative act. This paper will however focus on only three of them: 1) proxemics or the use of space; 2) kinetics or bodily movements (including gestures; and 3) haptics (touching), which are the more obvious channel of the intended messages, especially in interpersonal communication. There are other levels of communication though: intrapersonal, group and public communication, but for this purpose our discussion will be limited to communication contexts that transpire between two individuals, which centralizes the focus of the message being sent, whether between two sexes or same sex transactions. Proxemics. Just as we communicate with words, so too we transmit messages by placing ourselves in certain spatial relationships, with other persons or objects. The study of these spatial factors- or how we react to the space around us, how we use that space, and how our use of space communicates a particular information- is known as proxemics. Edward T. Hall, a pioneer in the study of proxemics, specified four spatial zones of interpersonal communication (i. e. intimate, personal social and public distance). Communicating Without Words The amount of space a person is allowed in most instances communicates the status of the communicators in a specific communication transaction. Dr. Lilian (1992) concludes that males 1) tend to approach women more closely in terms of their personal space; 2) take up more physical space when sitting or standing, with arms and legs stretched out away from their body; and 3) assume more reclined positions when sitting and lean backward when listening. These observations were likewise echoed in a study conducted by Erica Christoper (n. d. ) Kinetics. The human body is so versatile that it may transmit a number of messages in a single communication transaction. Early researchers delineated body expressions according to the part of the body involved in sending a particular message – facial expression, trunk movements, hand gestures, etc. Empirical evidence also suggests that, in general, 1) women use more head movements than men; 2) smile more often than men; and 3) engages more in eye contact (as cited by Christopher, Ibid). Dr. Lilian on men’s use of facial expression, reports that: 1) They tend to cock their head to the side and look at the other person from an angle when listening; 2) They provide fewer facial expressions in feedback and fewer reactions; 3) They tend to display frowning and squinting when listening; and 4) They stare more in negative interaction (Ibid). Haptics. Everyone uses touch at times to emphasize a point, interrupt another person speaking, or just as a comforting gesture. How this form of nonverbal communication is used and studied given a particular communication situation, has been referred to by communication scholars as haptics. Although women are more likely to use Communicating Without Words touch as a form of communication, men have been found to be more likely to touch women, than women are to touch men (Ibid). These instances, although provide a general observation on male/female communication styles establish the apparent difference in nonverbal use by members of different genders nonetheless. How they differ (relative to social norms and other factors) and to what extent in specific communication context, still need much research. At this point, we rest our case in that we have been provided with the basic understanding on the nonverbal form of communication as affected by gender differences. References: Erica, Christopher. â€Å"Gender Differences in Non-Verbal Behavior: A Global Look at the Use of Passive and Active Nonverbal Cues in Same Sex and Cross-Gender Conversation. † Retrieved 01 April 2009 from Saint Anselm College Website: anselm. edu/internet/psych/theses/seniors2002/christopher/webpage. ht ml#Abstract Ehninger, Douglas; Gronbeck, Bruce E. ; McKerrow, Ray E. ; Monroe, Alan H. (1982). Principles of Speech Communication, 9th Edition. USA: Scott, Foresman and Company. Givens, David (c1997-2008). Nonverbal Communication. Center for Nonverbal Studies. Retrieved April 01, 2009 from http://members. aol. com/nonverbal2/nvcom. htm He Says, She Says: Closing the Communication Gap Between the Sexes. Dr. Lillian Glass. Putnam, 1992. in â€Å"Gender Differences in Communication,† (n. d. ) Communicating Without Words Retrieved April 01, 2009 from The Ladies Room Website: geocities. com/Wellesley/2052/genddiff. html O’ Carroll, Eileen. (September 11, 2006). â€Å"Men are from Earth, and so are Women. † Retrieved April 01, 2009 from Anarchistnews. org: http://anarchistnews. org/? q=node/668 Pace, Wayne R. ; Peterson, Brent D. ; Burnett, M. Dallas. (1979). Techniques for Effective Communication. Philippines: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Windle, Rod and Warren, Suzanne. (n. d. ) â€Å"Communication Skills. † Collaborative Problem Solving and Dispute Resolution in Special Education: Training, an electronic manual Retrieved April 01, 2009 from directionservice. org/cadre/section4. cfm#Nonverbal%20Messages

Market Cultural Report ( International Business ) Essay

Market Cultural Report ( International Business ) - Essay Example This is because people in different countries have different cultures depending on their understanding of things and their traditions. This is also so as to avoid cultural conflicts in the host country that may affect the acceptance of the business by the citizens. This report analyses the culture of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), in specific the Emirates of Dubai. It looks at some of the cultural components of the country and how this impacts the international business. These cultural components include, the traditions of the country, the beliefs and the religious aspects affecting the market. Finally, it looks at what businesses need to do or consider in order for it to operate effectively in this country and gives a conclusion of the important factors from the report based on the chosen market and the cultural factors in the market. The reason for choosing the Emirates of Dubai is because it is the second largest city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It has a growing reputation as being one of the most attractive places in the world. It is modern with infrastructure and has become a major force of the economy globally, it has world class business environment that attracts many investors. It is also a politically stable country able to attract many foreign investors. The fact that it has a free economy means that there is minimal government control and minimal regulation in the private sector making the country to become a very attractive place to invest. It is one of the most liberal countries in the gulf that results to an attraction of a high capital to flow across the region (Noack, 2009). This makes it worth to look at the country when considering international business. The country also is rich in its culture. The Emirates of Dubai culture is mainly shaped by the traditions of the Arabs that are based on the Islam background. The religion shapes all aspect of the daily life of people in the country. It is